Gear-based continuously variable transmission systems and methods thereof

ABSTRACT

A continuously variable transmission system and a method of making a continuously variable transmission system is described. The present invention includes a gear set having at least a sun gear, one or more planetary gears, and a planetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears are mounted for rotational movement. The sun gear and the one or more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement and movement with respect to each other, and one of the sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and another portion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback. A rotary coupling unit having an input rotationally coupled to at least one of the one of the sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm and an output that rotationally couples to the output shaft is also provided.

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/500,355, filed Jul. 9, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 61/134,500, filed Jul. 10, 2008 which arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

FIELD

The present invention relates to transmission systems and, moreparticularly, to gear-based continuously variable transmission systemsand methods thereof.

BACKGROUND

Typically, operating characteristics of a mechanical power source (e.g.,an engine) do not match those of a load driven by the power source(e.g., wheels of an automobile). For example, a diesel engine might runmost efficiently at 2400 rpm, but a delivery truck running onusing thatengine as a power source must operate at speeds between 0 and 60 mph andunder different conditions like climbing a hill or accelerating.Mismatch between the power source output speed and the load output speedleads to wastage of energy and a reduction in the overall efficiency.The transmission system is the key component that enables source andload characteristics (e.g., output speeds) to be matched efficiently.Conventional manual and automatic transmissions are a compromise byproviding selectable fixed ratios of torque and speed between the sourceand the load for matching. Automatic transmissions also include a torqueconverter which connects the power source to various gears, where thebest combination of the gears is selected using an external controlsystem. The torque converter smoothes out the changes between differentgear combinations and allows the transmission gears to remain engagedwhen the transmission output is stationary. Manual transmissions includean operator-controlled clutch which must be disengaged by the operatorwhen different gear combinations are selected by the operator.Conventional manual and automatic transmissions use a finite number ofgear ratios which are not optimal for all conditions such as varyingterrain and output speeds.

The first documented continuously variable transmission was described byLeonardo daVinci in 1490 A.D. As is the case for most moderncontinuously variable transmission systems, daVinci's continuouslyvariable transmission system used friction between two or more smoothsurfaces to achieve an approximately continuously variable outputfunction. Modern day conventional continuously variable transmissionsystems typically use a belt running between two logic-controlledadjustable sheaves. The belt system is connected to the power sourceusing a torque converter or some form of manual or automatic clutch,depending on the field of application for the transmission. Conventionalcontinuously variable transmission system designs are restricted in therange of gear ratios they can practically provide and usually requireadditional gear sets following the continuously variable transmissionsystem, in addition to the continuously variable transmission systemcomponent itself. Additionally, conventional continuously variabletransmission systems and automatic transmissions aresingle-input-single-output devices.

SUMMARY

A continuously variable transmission system including a gear set havingone or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears, and a planetary gearcarrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears are mounted forrotational movement. The one or more sun gears and the one or moreplanetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement and movement withrespect to each other, and at least one of the one or more sun gears andthe planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and anotherportion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback.A rotary coupling unit having an input rotationally coupled to the atleast one of the one of the one or more sun gears and the planetary gearcarrier arm and an output that rotationally couples to the output shaftis also provided.

A method for making a continuously variable transmission system, themethod includes providing a gear set having one or more sun gears, oneor more planetary gears, and a planetary gear carrier arm on which theone or more planetary gears are mounted for rotational movement. The oneor more sun gears and the one or more planetary gears are mounted forrotational engagement and movement with respect to each other, and atleast one of the one or more sun gears and the planetary gear carrierarm couples to an input shaft and another portion of the gear setcouples to an output shaft to receive feedback. The method includesproviding a rotary coupling unit having an input rotationally coupled tothe at least one of the one or more sun gears and the planetary gearcarrier arm and an output that rotationally couples to the output shaft.

The present invention offers numerous advantages such as providing awide range of gear ratios using standard components to provide aninfinite set of input to output speed ratios and optimal matching for awide range of operating conditions (e.g., heavy duty as well as lightduty applications), without any special electrical, hydraulic or logiccontrols. The present invention utilizes its own output as a feedbackinput to the transmission system so that it automatically create asuitable gear ratio for the input and output speeds and loads. Further,according to various embodiments described herein, substantialimprovements in packaging and lowering parts count are realized. Thepresent invention provides a highly compact continuously variabletransmission system design useful in a wide range of applications fromvehicles to heavy construction equipment.

Accordingly, as illustrated by the description herein, the presentinvention provides a number of advantages including providing built-infeedback of the output angular velocity of an output shaft of acontinuously varying transmission system to an input of a gear set ofthe continuously varying transmission system. Thus, the gear set is putin a mode of being a multi-input system where at least one of the inputsis the fed back output, the at least other input being an input from apower source coupled to the transmission system input shaft.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of a gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system using a planetary gear set inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of the gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system of FIG. 1 with a torqueconverter single extended output shaft in accordance with embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIG. 3 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of the gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system of FIGS. 1 and 2 with ahousing surrounding the planetary gear set and a rotary coupling unit inaccordance with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of a gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system using a compound planetarygear set in accordance with other embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of the gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system of FIG. 4 with a torqueconverter single extended output shaft in accordance with embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIG. 6 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of the gear-basedcontinuously variable transmission system of FIGS. 4 and 5 with ahousing surrounding the compound planetary gear set and a rotarycoupling unit in accordance with embodiments of the present invention;and

FIG. 7 is a side-view elevation schematic diagram of a compact,gear-based continuously variable transmission system with a fluidcoupling unit in accordance with other embodiments of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A continuously variable transmission according to embodiments of thepresent invention provides an infinite set of possible input to outputspeed ratios (within fixed limits), and if properly designed and/orcontrolled can provide optimal matching of input and output speeds formost operating conditions. The continuously variable transmission hasapplicability to any mechanical power transmission situation where thereis variability in the load conditions. Embodiments of this inventionprovide the continuously variable transmission functionality using onlypassive components (planetary gears, clutches and a torque converter). Arotary coupling unit according to embodiments of the present inventionis preceded by a gear train connected at its first input to a powersource (e.g., a mechanical, an electrical, or an electromechanical powersource) via an input shaft. An output of the rotary coupling unit is fedback to provide a portion of output rotational energy as a second inputto the gear train resulting in a better matching of input and outputspeeds. By having a torque converter designed with slip and torquemultiplication characteristics suitable for a continuously variabletransmission configuration and the specific load application, thepresent invention maximizes overall efficiency of the mechanical systemit is employed with, and provides a spatially compact design suitablefor use in a diverse range of conditions, as explained below withreference to exemplary embodiments illustrated by FIGS. 1-7 anddescribed herein.

Referring to FIG. 1, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 100 according toembodiments of the invention is shown. According to an exemplaryscenario, continuously variable transmission system 100 includes aninput shaft 106 that receives an input from a power source to rotateabout a first major axis. Input shaft 106 is held spatially by one ormore sets of bearings 120 (shown throughout as small rectangular boxes).Input shaft 106 is coupled to a planetary gear set 102 at a sun gear 102a of the planetary gear set 102. Although a single sun gear 102 a isshown, depending on specific design and operation, more than one sungear can also be used. In one example, input shaft 106 is substantiallycoupled to a geometric center of sun gear 102 a, although coupling cantake place at other points depending upon specific applications.

Planetary gear set 102 includes a pair of planet gears 102 b (alsointerchangeably referred to as planetary gears 102 b herein)rotationally engaged to sun gear 102 a at a first point for movement.Although a pair of planet gears 102 b is used, more or less number ofplanet gears 102 b can be deployed depending on specific applications.Planet gears 102 b are also rotationally engaged to a ring gear 102 c ata second point for movement. Ring gear 102 c is arranged to circumscribesun gear 102 a and planet gears 102 b. Planet gears 102 b are coupled tosun gear 102 a and to ring gear 102 c by sets of teeth, although othertechniques for engagement can also be used, such as a belt. Componentsof planetary gear set 102 are well known to those skilled in the art andtherefore will not be described in detail herein.

Planet gears 102 b are further rotationally coupled to a drivingtransfer gear 112 through a planet gear carrier arm 102 d (alsointerchangeably referred to as carrier arm 102 d herein) on which planetgears 102 b are mounted. In one example, carrier arm 102 d issubstantially coupled to planet gears 102 b at respective geometriccenters of planet gears 102 b, although coupling can take place at otherpoints depending upon specific applications. Coupling of planet gears102 b to driving transfer gear 112 results in transfer of rotationalenergy from planet gears 102 b to driving transfer gear 112. Drivingtransfer gear is rotationally coupled to a driven transfer gear 114 formovement. Driven transfer gear 114 rotates in accordance with arotational motion of driving transfer gear 112.

Driven transfer gear 114 is further rotationally coupled to a torqueconverter 104 for movement, although driven transfer gear 114 can becoupled to other types of rotary coupling units for example, a fluidcoupling unit. Alternatively, other forms of coupling, for example,couplings shown in FIG. 2 that directly couple planet gears 102 b totorque converter 104, can also be used. Torque converter 104 includes animpeller 104 a that rotates based upon rotational energy transferred bydriven transfer gear 114 to torque converter 104. Torque converter 104includes a fluid that is set into motion by movement of impeller 104 a.Motion of the fluid is transferred to a turbine 104 b of torqueconverter 104. To provide efficient flow of the moving fluid intoimpeller 104 a, torque converter 104 includes a stator 104 c sharing asubstantially common axis of rotation with impeller 104 a.

Turbine 104 b and impeller 104 a share a substantially common geometricaxis of rotation. Turbine 104 b rotates based upon the motion of thefluid inside torque converter 104 to generate an output angularvelocity, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Turbine 104 b isrotationally coupled to an output shaft 108 that moves at an outputangular velocity. Although an exemplary torque converter 104 is shown inFIG. 1, components of torque converter 104 are well known to thoseskilled in the art and will not be described in detail herein.

Output shaft 108 forms an output for continuously variable transmissionsystem 100 and can be further coupled to a load (e.g., wheels of anautomobile). Output shaft 108 is held in a stable position by one ormore bearings 120, similar to input shaft 106. A portion of the outputvelocity of output shaft 108 is fed back to ring gear 102 c by a drivingfeedback gear 118 rotationally coupled to a driven feedback gear 116that further couples back to ring gear 102 c. The motion of ring gear102 c is modified due to coupling to driven feedback gear 116 and formsa second input to planetary gear set 102. Although only two feedbackgears (driving feedback gear 118 and driven feedback gear 116) are shownin FIG. 1, less or more number of gears can be used, depending onspecific applications. According to embodiments of the invention, drivenfeedback gear 116 can be an integral part of ring gear 102 c, althoughother coupling arrangements, such as a belt coupling can also be used.Driven feedback gear 116 and driving feedback gear 118 form a feedbackpath for output rotational energy to be transferred back to inputplanetary gear set 102 resulting in an improved speed matching betweeninput and output speeds of continuously variable transmission system100. Based upon specific applications, a higher number of feedback pathscan also be used to provide additional inputs to planetary gear set 102at different points on planetary gear set 102. It is to be noted thatalthough input shaft 106 and output shaft 108 are shown as geometricallyoffset from each other along different first and second geometric axes,depending on specific applications, according to various embodiments ofthe invention, input shaft 106 and output shaft 108 can be substantiallylocated along a common geometrical axis (e.g., as shown in FIGS. 2 and3).

The present invention in accordance with the various embodimentsdisclosed herein offers numerous advantages such as providing a widerange of gear ratios using standard components to provide an infiniteset of input to output speed ratios and optimal matching for a widerange of operating conditions (e.g., heavy duty as well as light dutyapplications), without any special electrical, hydraulic or logiccontrols. As described herein, the present invention utilizes its ownoutput as a feedback input, in addition to an input from the powersource, to match output speed of the load to an input speed provided byinput shaft 106, or a to match a desired overdrive ratio. Further,according to various embodiments described herein below, the presentinvention incorporates modified design arrangements of torque converter104 and planetary gear set 102 that lead to substantial improvements inpackaging and lowering parts count leading to a highly compactcontinuously variable transmission system design useful in a wide rangeof applications, for example, go-carts, tractors, conveyor systems,vehicles, and heavy construction equipment, to name a few. Furthermore,embodiments of the present invention can be utilized as sub-modules inconjunction with and/or parallel to other types of transmission systems,or can be used as a stand alone independent continuously variabletransmission system to drive one or more loads attached to its output.

Referring to FIG. 2, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 200 according toembodiments of the present invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 200 shown in FIG. 2 is same as continuously variabletransmission system 100 of FIG. 1 except as described herein below.Continuously variable transmission system 200 illustrates a redesignedtorque converter 104 and planetary gear set 102 in a compactarrangement. Continuously variable transmission system 200 includes asingle output shaft 202 that exits simultaneously from an input side andan output side of torque converter 104. For example, a first portion ofoutput shaft 202 couples to a load (not shown) and a second portion 204couples to ring gear 102 c, as shown in FIG. 2. By directly couplingoutput shaft 202 to ring gear 102 c using second portion 204 of outputshaft 202, the exemplary configuration shown in FIG. 2 eliminates use ofdriving feedback gear 118 and driven feedback gear 116 of continuouslyvariable transmission system 100 in FIG. 1, and therefore, achieves thesame functionality with lesser number of parts and a more compact designas compared to continuously variable transmission system 100.

Further, in FIG. 2, output shaft 202 and input shaft 106 are aligned ina manner such that they share a substantially common geometric axis ofrotation, although they can be equally operational with theircorresponding geometric axes offset from each other. A housing 206 oftorque converter 104 is coupled to planet gears 102 b using carrier arm102 d on which planet gears 102 b are mounted. Housing 206 is anextension of torque converter 104 and is coupled to provide an input totorque converter 104 at impeller 104 a of torque converter 104. As aresult of the rearrangement shown in FIG. 2, where housing 206 couplesthe rotational output of planet gears 102 b to provide a rotationalinput to impeller 104 a, driving transfer gear 112 and driven transfergear 114 of FIG. 1 are both eliminated from the design of continuouslyvariable transmission system 200. Thus, continuously variabletransmission system 200 provides compactness of design in ways more thanone as described immediately above. In all other aspects, continuouslyvariable transmission system 200 is the same as continuously variabletransmission system 100. For example, internal components of planetarygear set 102 and torque converter 104 are substantially the same ascontinuously variable transmission system 100, except as describedabove, and are therefore not being described again herein.

Referring to FIG. 3, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 300 according toother embodiments of the invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 300 is the same as continuously variabletransmission system 100 and continuously variable transmission system200 of FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, except as described herein below. Incontinuously variable transmission system 300, output shaft 202 isidentical to output shaft 202 of FIG. 2 except output shaft 202 isdirectly coupled to turbine 104 b of torque converter 104 and turbine104 b is directly coupled to ring gear 102 c. Therefore, by redesigningtorque converter 104 such that turbine 104 b directly provides at leasta portion of output from output shaft 202 to ring gear 102 c, furthercompactness of design is attained.

Additionally, impeller 104 a is modified to integrally form a housing302 that couples to carrier arm 102 d to provide an input to torqueconverter 104 at impeller 104 a, although housing 302 can also provideinput(s) to impeller 104 a at other parts of planetary gear set 102,e.g., at sun gear 102 a. In all other aspects, continuously variabletransmission system 300 is the same as continuously variabletransmission system 100 and continuously variable transmission system200 of FIGS. 1 and 2, respectively, except as described immediatelyabove.

Referring to FIG. 4, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 400 according toembodiments of the invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 400 includes an input shaft 106 (which is same asinput shaft 106 of FIGS. 1-3) that provides a first rotational input toa compound planetary gear set 402. More specifically, input shaft 106 isrotationally coupled to a carrier arm component 418 and a carrier armcomponent 402 e, of compound planetary gear set 402, although inputshaft 106 can also be coupled to other parts of compound planetary gearset 402, e.g., to driving planet gears 402b. Carrier arm component 402 eguides the shaft that rotationally couples a first pair of drivingplanet gears 402 b and a second pair of driven planet gears 402 c. Firstpair of driving planet gears 402 b rotationally couple to a feedback sungear 402 a in an arrangement the same as sun gear 102 a and planet gears102 b of FIG. 1 except that compound planetary gear set 402 does notinclude a ring gear. Instead, first pair of driving planet gears 402 bis rotationally coupled to a second pair of driven planet gears 402 c bya common shaft, which is guided by carrier arm component 402 e in acircular orbit, as shown in FIG. 4.

Driven planet gears 402 c are further rotationally coupled to a drivensun gear 402 d for movement. Driven sun gear 402 d is rotationallycoupled to impeller 104 a of torque converter 104 by arm 414 to providean input to torque converter 104 at impeller 104 a. Internal operationof torque converter 104, including operation of turbine 104 b and stator104 c, is essentially same as described in FIG. 1 and will not berepeated here again.

Output rotational motion of turbine 104 b is coupled to output shaft 108that drives a load (not shown). Output shaft 108 also rotationallycouples to a driving intermediate feedback gear 404, although drivingintermediate feedback gear 404 can optionally be driven by an outputfrom turbine 104 b. Driving intermediate feedback gear 404 couples to afeedback shaft 412 through a first intermediate feedback gear 406 androtates feedback shaft 412 based upon the output angular motion ofoutput shaft 108. Feedback shaft 412 is coupled to a second intermediatefeedback gear 408 on an input side of continuously variable transmissionsystem 400.

Second intermediate feedback gear 408 further couples to a feedback gear410 integral to feedback sun gear 402 a of compound planetary gear set402 to provide a second input to compound planetary gear set 402.Although feedback shaft 412 is shown having two gears, less or morenumber of gears can be used, depending on specific applications.Therefore, via inputs from feedback shaft 412 and input shaft 106,composite motion of compound planetary gear set 402 is modulated suchthat input and output speeds of continuously variable transmissionsystem 400 are automatically controlled. According to one embodiment ofthe invention, without any additional complexity, compound planetarygear set 402 can provide a gear ratio of 100:1, and when used in thecontinuously variable transmission system 400 configuration can smoothlychange gear ratios from 100:1 to an overdrive ratio of 0.5:1 as anoutput speed of a load (e.g., wheels of a vehicle) coupled to outputshaft 108 increases.

Referring to FIG. 5, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 500 according toembodiments of the present invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 500 is the same as continuously variabletransmission system 400 of FIG. 4 except as described herein below.Continuously variable transmission system 500 includes an input shaft106 integrally coupled to carrier arm component 402 e and carrier armcomponent 418 of compound planetary gear set 402. Input received bycarrier arm 402 e drives the common rotational shaft for driving planetgears 402 b and a pair of driven planet gears 402 c in a circular orbit.The pair of driven planet gears 402 c is then rotationally coupled todriven sun gear 402 d, the same as in continuously variable transmissionsystem 400 of FIG. 4. Operation of components of torque converter 104are same as described in FIG. 4, except that output shaft 502 is coupleddirectly to feedback sun gear 402 a via an extension 504 to provide atleast a portion of output of torque converter 104 as an additional inputto compound planetary gear set 402. Therefore, the configuration shownin FIG. 5 achieves the same functionality as the configuration of FIG. 4except that no feedback shaft 412 and no first and second feedback gears406 and 408 (shown in FIG. 4) are required. As a result of eliminationof these gears, a simpler design with lesser components is achieved.

Referring to FIG. 6, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 600 according toembodiments of the present invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 600 is same as continuously variable transmissionsystem 400 except as described herein below. Continuously variabletransmission system 600 comprises housing 602 coupled to impeller 104 athat provides input to impeller 104 a. Coupling of output shaft 502 toturbine 104 b is same as FIG. 3 and is not being repeated herein.However, since continuously variable transmission system 600 includescompound planetary gear set 402 as compared to planetary gear set 102 ofFIG. 3, coupling of turbine 104 b to provide feedback as a second inputto compound planetary gear set 402 occurs at driven sun gear 402 d whereturbine 104 b couples to compound planetary gear set 402. As describedearlier with respect to FIG. 5, the arrangement shown in FIG. 6 achievesthe same functionality as the configuration of FIG. 4 except that nofeedback shaft 412 and no first and second intermediate feedback gears406 and 408 (shown in FIG. 4) are required. As a result of eliminationof these gears, a simpler design with lesser components is achieved. Inaddition, presence of housing 602 makes the design of continuouslyvariable transmission system 600 more compact.

Referring to FIG. 7, a side-view elevation schematic diagram of agear-based continuously variable transmission system 700 according toembodiments of the present invention is shown. Continuously variabletransmission system 700 is same as continuously variable transmissionsystem 300 except as described herein below. Continuously variabletransmission system 700 includes a fluid coupling unit 702 instead oftorque converter 104 of FIGS. 1-6. On the input side of continuouslyvariable transmission system 700, planet gears 102 b rotationally coupleto fluid coupling unit 702 via carrier arm 102 d to provide input frominput shaft 106. Continuously variable transmission system 700 includesa feedback shell 704 rotationally coupled to output shaft 108 to providea portion of rotational output to ring gear 102 c. According to oneembodiment of the invention, feedback shell 704 can be an integral partof ring gear 102 c. Although fluid coupling unit 702 is shown coupled toplanetary gear set 102 described in FIG. 1, fluid coupling unit 702 canbe designed to receive an input from a compound planetary gear set suchas compound planetary gear set 402 of FIG. 4. Internal functioning offluid coupling unit 706 is well known to those skilled in the art andwill not be described herein. Thus, continuously variable transmissionsystem 700 provides a closed feedback loop comprising a first input frominput shaft 106 to planetary gear set 102 being further provided as aninput to fluid coupling unit 702 that generates an output rotationalmotion of the output shaft 108, which rotational motion is fed back toplanetary gear set 102 though feedback shell 704 at ring gear 102 c toprovide a second input to planetary gear set 102. The arrangement shownin continuously variable transmission system 700 results in a compactdesign with very low parts count for matching input speed of amechanical power source to an output speed.

Although specific exemplary arrangements of continuously variabletransmission systems 100-700 are illustrated and described, variouspermutations and combinations of these arrangements can also be appliedin which a portion of an output generated is fed back as an additionalinput to a gear set which is first in line from the power source. Suchadditional exemplary embodiments can be contemplated by those skilled inthe art after reading this disclosure, without departing from the basicdesign and operation of various embodiments of this invention.

According to one exemplary scenario, continuously variable transmissionsystem 100, continuously variable transmission system 200, continuouslyvariable transmission system 300, and continuously variable transmissionsystem 700 are utilized for light duty loads (e.g., cars) andcontinuously variable transmission system 400, continuously variabletransmission system 500, and continuously variable transmission system600 are utilized for heavy duty loads. Although elements of FIGS. 1-7are shown as of fixed relative dimensions, such dimensions are can bechanged according to specific applications. For example, larger orsmaller gear sets may be utilized depending on type of load being drivenby a continuously variable transmission. Further, as and when needed,additional clutches, brakes, belts, and bearings can optionally be usedto provide mechanical control and support to the continuously variabletransmission systems 100-700 described in FIGS. 1-7.

Referring to FIGS. 1-7, a method of making and using a continuousvariable transmission will be described with respect to functioning andoperation of various components of FIGS. 1-7. A method for making acontinuously variable transmission system, the method includes providinga gear set having one or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears,and a planetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetarygears are mounted for rotational movement. The one or more sun gears andthe one or more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagementand movement with respect to each other, and at least one of the one ormore sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an inputshaft and another portion of the gear set couples to an output shaft toreceive feedback. The method includes providing a rotary coupling unithaving an input rotationally coupled to the at least one of the one ormore sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm and an output thatrotationally couples to the output shaft.

Continuous variable systems 100 and 400 both receive angular motion frominput shaft 106. This angular motion is due to input shaft 106 receivingan output from a power source (e.g., a manual power source, an engine,motor or other types of propulsion units well known to those skilled inthe art). With respect to FIG. 1, this angular motion is transmitted byinput shaft 106 to sun gear 102 a which rotates as a result of thetransmission of rotational energy from input shaft 106. Due to thecoupling of sun gear 102 a with planet gears 102 b, as described above,planet gears 102 b also rotate. Rotation speeds of sun gear 102 a andplanet gears 102 b will depend upon various factors such as gear ratiosand mechanical properties of individual planet gears 102 b and sun gear102 a, as is well known to those skilled in the art. Rotation of planetgears 102 b results in rotation of ring gear 102 c, although ring gear102 c can be kept in a fixed motionless state relative to planet gears102 b. Rotation of planet gears 102 b also causes carrier arm 102 d torotate. Carrier arm 102 d then passes the rotational energy of planetgears 102 b by coupling to driving transfer gear 112 which furtherrotates driven transfer gear 114. Driving transfer gear 112 and driventransfer gear 114 form the second input to impeller 104 a of torqueconverter 104 (or, to fluid coupling unit 702 for FIG. 7, depending onwhich form of rotary coupling unit is used).

Rotation of impeller 104 a causes rotation of turbine 104 b of torqueconverter 104. Such an internal transfer of rotational energy in torqueconverter 104 occurs via fluidic transfer of energy, well known to thoseskilled in the art and not described further herein. Rotation of turbine104 b causes output shaft 108 coupled to turbine 104 b to rotate anddeliver an output to a load (e.g., wheels of a car). A portion of therotational energy of output shaft 108 is fed back as a second input toplanetary gear set 102 at ring gear 102 c. The feedback path comprisescoupling of output shaft 108′s rotational energy from driving feedbackgear 118 to driven feedback gear 116 which rotates ring gear 102 c.Thus, by providing at least a portion of rotational output of outputshaft 108, input rotational motion of planetary gear set 102, and hencethat of torque converter 104, is modulated. Once input and output speedsof input shaft 106 and output shaft 108, respectively, substantiallymatch, driving feedback gear 118 and driven feedback gear 116 canoptionally be de-clutched from output shaft 108 and ring gear 102 c,respectively. The de-clutching can be performed, for example, usingadditional clutches.

Operation of continuously variable transmission system 200 is same asthe operation of continuously variable transmission system 100 except asdescribed herein. A modification in the design of output shaft 202 sothat it integrally forms a part of ring gear 102 c results in anelimination of a feedback coupling unit formed by driving feedback gear118 and driven feedback gear 116 of FIG. 1. Further, aligning thegeometric axis of rotation of output shaft 108 with the geometric axisof rotation of input shaft 106 results in a more compact design ofcontinuously variable transmission system 200. Rotation of housing 206coupled to impeller 104 a of torque converter 104 also results inhousing 206 providing an input to impeller 104 a thereby eliminatingdriving transfer gear 112 and driven transfer gear 114 of FIG. 1.

Operation of continuously variable transmission system 300 is same ascontinuously variable transmission system 200 and continuously variabletransmission system 100 except as described herein. In continuouslyvariable transmission system 300, housing 302 provides the rotationalinput to impeller 104 a of torque converter 104. Housing 302 derives therotational motion from planet gear carrier arm 102 d, which rotates asdescribed above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2. Another differencebetween the operation of continuously variable transmission system 300and the operation of continuously variable transmission system 200 isthat instead of output shaft 202 connecting to ring gear 102 c at secondportion 204, turbine 104 b directly couples rotational output to ringgear 102 c, thereby further simplifying the design of continuouslyvariable transmission system 300. Thus, rotation of turbine 104 bmodulates rotation of planetary gear set 102 until speed of input shaft106 matches output speed of output shaft 202, or until a desiredoverdrive ratio for continuously variable transmission system 300 isattained.

Operation of continuously variable transmission system 400 will now bedescribed in detail with reference to FIG. 4. As described earlier,continuously variable transmission system 400 includes compoundplanetary gear set 402 instead of planetary gear set 102 with ring gear102 c. Input shaft 106 receives rotational motion from a power sourceand provides this rotational motion via carrier arm component 418 tocarrier arm component 402 e which rotates the first pair of drivingplanet gears 402 b and the second pair of driven planet gears 402 c. Thesecond pair of driven planet gears 402 c rotates to engage and furtherrotate driven sun gear 402 d. Driven sun gear 402 d further rotatesimpeller 104 a which drives turbine 104 b to set output shaft 108 in arotational motion. Output shaft 108 rotates the driving intermediatefeedback gear 404 which further rotates feedback shaft 412 via firstintermediate feedback gear 406. Second intermediate feedback gear 408attached to feedback shaft 412 then rotates integral feedback gear 410to further rotate feedback sun gear 402 a, thereby providing a feed backinput to continuously variable transmission system 400 in addition tothe input from input shaft 106. Such feedback is continuously provideduntil output shaft 108 speed matches input shaft 106 speed.

In an exemplary scenario, feedback sun gear 402 a can rotate in a firstdirection depending on specific instantaneous input and output speeds ofcontinuously variable transmission system 400, or can rotate in anopposite second direction as input and output speeds change.

The design of compound planetary gear set 402 is incorporated intocontinuously variable transmission system 200 and continuously variabletransmission system 300 to result in continuously variable transmissionsystem 500 and continuously variable transmission system 600,respectively. Continuously variable transmission system 500 andcontinuously variable transmission system 600 function exactly same astheir respective counterparts in FIGS. 2 and 3, except they incorporatecompound planetary gear set 402, operation of which is described withrespect to continuously variable transmission system 400. Thus, afterreading the operation of continuously variable transmission systems200-400, one skilled in the art can understand the operation ofcontinuously variable transmission systems 500-600, and their operationand method of making will not be described in further detail herein.

Operation of continuously variable transmission system 700 will now bedescribed with reference to FIG. 7. Although operation of continuouslyvariable transmission system 700 is being described using a design withplanetary gear set 102, operation of continuously variable transmissionsystem 700 with compound planetary gear set 402 design can also beunderstood by one skilled in the art, after reading this disclosure. Incontinuously variable transmission system 700, input shaft 106 transmitsrotational motion to sun gear 102 a, which further rotates planet gears102 b. Carrier arm 102 d attached to planet gears 102 b transmits therotational motion as an input to fluid coupling unit 702 which rotatesfreely to generate an output angular velocity of output shaft 108.Angular output velocity of output shaft 108 is transmitted back in afeedback loop to ring gear 102 c which is integrally attached tofeedback shell 704. Rotation of feedback shell 704 causes a modulationin rotation of planetary gear set 102 via ring gear 102 c. Thus, aportion of the output velocity of output shaft 108 is fed back as anadditional input to planetary gear set 102 until the input speed ofinput shaft 106 matches the output speed of output shaft 108 Once adesired matching condition is attained between the input and the outputof continuously variable transmission system 700, feedback shell 704 canoptionally be declutched such that continuously variable transmissionsystem 700 becomes an open loop direct drive system.

Referring again to FIGS. 1 and 4, two exemplary configurations for acontinuously variable transmission system in accordance with embodimentsof the present invention are described. For the first configurationdescribed in FIG. 1, a gear set used this invention can be either asingle planetary gear set (planetary gear set 102) with ring gear 102 c,or, as shown in FIG. 4, the gear set can be compound planetary gear set402 with no ring gear.

The second configuration is that torque converter 104 and planetary gearset 102 (or compound planetary gear set 104) can either be on the samegeometric axis (e.g., for rear-drive vehicle applications) or torqueconverter 104 and planetary gear set 102 (or compound planetary gear set104) can each be on different geometric axes (e.g., for front-drivevehicle applications). By way of example only, FIG. 1 shows acombination that would be good for light-duty front drive applications,like a typical passenger car, and FIG. 4 shows a combination that wouldbe good for a heavy-duty application, like an intercity transport truck.The particular application would determine the size and material of thegear set and torque converter 104.

For the configuration of continuously variable transmission system 100of FIG. 1, an effective planetary gear set 102 ratio (which is an inputangular velocity of input shaft 106 divided by the angular velocity ofimpeller 104 a) is given by the formula.

GR=OR·(1+PR)/[1+(PR·SR)]

where SR=the slip ratio for torque converter 104 (which is outputangular velocity of turbine 104 b divided by its input angular velocityof impeller 104 a), PR (the planetratio)=(N_(102a)+2^(·)N_(102b))/N_(102a), OR (the overdriveratio)=N₁₁₄/N₁₁₂, and N_(i) is the number of teeth in a gear i of FIG. 1(where the subscript denotes element number in FIG. 1).

It is to be noted that a feedback gear ratio (N₁₁₆/N₁₁₈), correspondingto driving feedback gear 118 and driven feedback gear 116, must be equalto OR. When continuous variable transmission 100 is in a “drive” modeand output shaft 108 is held stationary by applying external brakes(corresponding to an exemplary starting situation), SR=0 andGR=OR·(1+PR). For example, for a light duty application, a typical valuefor PR and OR would be 4 and 0.7 respectively. In this case, at startupGR=3.5. When a load attached to output shaft 108 achieves a standardoperating speed and torque converter 104 is in a “locked up” state, SR=1and GR=0.7. The value for GR will vary continuously in between these twoextremes (3.5 and 0.7) in response to angular speed of output shaft 108and torques acting on torque converter 104.

Planetary gear set 102 acts as a variable amplifier of torque converter104's slip ratio and torque multiplication characteristics. The ratio ofthe continuously variable transmission system 100 input angular velocityto output angular velocity would be GR divided by SR, which would beinfinite when the load is stationary and equal to OR when torqueconverter 104 is “locked up” and the load is travelling at its normaloperating speed beyond start-up conditions.

For the configuration of continuously variable transmission system 400of FIG. 4, the effective gear ratio for the compound planetary gear set402 is given by the formula:

GR=[1/(1−PR)]·[1−(FR·PR·SR)]

where PR (the planet ratio)=N_(402a)N_(402c)/N_(402b)N_(402d), FR(feedback ratio)=N₄₀₄N₄₀₈/N₄₀₆N₄₁₀, and N_(i) is the number of teeth inan i^(th) gear of FIG. 4 (where the subscript denotes correspondingelement numbers in FIG. 4).

To have a high gear output ratio be nominally 1:1, intermediate feedbackgears 406 and 408 making a feedback loop should have a feedback gearratio FR=1. For example, to have an overdrive final gear ratio of 0.7:1,FR would need to be slightly greater than one, the exact numberdepending on the value selected for PR. For the case of a heavy dutytruck, for example, a typical value for start-up gearing would be 10:1and for an overdrive ratio 0.7:1. Values of PR and FR to achieve thistypical case are 0.9 and 1.03, respectively.

For example configurations of continuously variable transmission systems100 and 400, as long as the OR, PR and FR values are satisfied, theparticular values for N_(i) would be dictated by packaging and strengthconsiderations. Similarly, values of OR, PR and FR can also bedetermined for continuously variable transmission systems 200, 300, 500,600, and 700 of FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.

Various exemplary modes of operation of continuously variabletransmission systems 100 and 400 with continuing reference to FIGS. 1and 4 will now be described, although the present invention can be usedin other modes too, according to various embodiments of the presentinvention described herein. Although the exemplary modes described beloware described with reference to continuously variable transmissionsystems 100 and 400 of FIGS. 1 and 4, respectively, in view of thedisclosure above, these exemplary modes can be equally applied tocontinuously variable transmission systems 200, 300, 500, 600, and 700of FIGS. 2, 3, 5, 6, and 7, respectively.

1. Neutral mode: Various exemplary design options exist for declutchingthe continuously variable transmission systems 100 and 400 from an inputpower source (e.g., an engine) to achieve a neutral mode. When inneutral, it is desirable to have torque converter 104 spinning and fullof hydraulic fluid so that when a “drive” position later selected,torque converter 104 is immediately available to transmit power withoutany time lag. This can be accomplished for both continuously variabletransmission systems 100 and 400, optionally using a combination ofclutches, where turbine 104 b coupled to output shaft 108, and feedbackgears such as driving feedback gear 118, driven feedback gear 116,driving intermediate feedback gear 404, first intermediate feedback gear406, second intermediate feedback gear 408, feedback gear 410 aredeclutched but impeller 104 a receives input from input shaft 106 viaplanetary gear set 102 or compound planetary gear set 402.

2. Reverse mode: A reverse mode can be achieved in two exemplary ways,as described herein. The first way is through modifications to torqueconverter 104 that facilitate it being able to transmit torque whenoperated in a direction reverse from its normal operation direction. Inone scenario, an overrunning clutch combined with a centrifugal clutchcan be used. In this case, for the continuously variable transmission100 of FIG. 1, a brake holds carrier arm 102 d stationary, drivingtransfer gear 112 is declutched from impeller 104 a, and drivingfeedback gear 118 is declutched for output shaft 108 coupled to turbine104 b and clutched to an input to impeller 104 a. With these actionstaking place, the gear ratio for the planetary gear 102 in this scenariois:

GR_(R1)=−(N_(102c)·N₁₁₈)/(N_(102a)·N₁₁₆), where the subscript R1 denotesreverse mode of FIG. 1, and other subscripts denote correspondingelement numbers in FIG. 1.

Similarly, for the continuously variable transmission system 400 of FIG.4, reverse mode can be achieved by (1) declutching driven sun gear 402 dfrom the impeller 104 a and fixing driven sun gear 402 d in one fixedposition using, for example, a typical automatic transmission bandbrake, although other techniques of fixing can be used, and (2)declutching feedback sun gear 402 a from turbine 104 b and clutchingfeedback sun gear 402 a to impeller 104 a. The resulting gear ratio inthis scenario is:

GR_(R2)=PR/(PR−1), where the subscript R2 denotes reverse mode of FIG.4, and PR is the planet ratio described earlier. For example, for aheavy duty truck, PR=0.9, in which case GR_(R2)=−9.

With appropriate use of additional clutches and brakes, reverse modecould be achieved on demand while having torque converter 104 run in thesame direction for both forward and reverse modes.

3. Low Mode: For certain applications it may be desirable to hold thecontinuously variable transmission system 100 and continuously variabletransmission system 400 in a lowest possible ratio corresponding to“low” in a conventional automatic transmission. This can be accomplishedaccording to various embodiments of the present invention.

For continuously variable transmission system 100 configuration,applying a band brake to ring gear 102 c and driving feedback gear 118from output shaft 108 will keep continuously variable transmissionsystem 100 in a lowest possible gear ratio independent of the value oftorque converter 104′s slip ratio. Low gear can be similarly obtainedfor continuously variable transmission system 400 configuration of FIG.4 by fixing feedback sun gear 402 a with a band brake and declutchingfeedback gear 410 from feedback sun gear 402 a, although othertechniques can also be used for the “low” mode.

4. Drive Mode: Irrespective of the specific gearing chosen for theintended application, when continuously variable transmission system 100and/or continuously variable transmission system 400 are in a “drive”mode, continuously variable transmission system 100 and/or continuouslyvariable transmission system 400 will start from a stop in the lowestpossible gear ratio and smoothly move towards the 1:1 (or overdrive)high gear ratio as an output speed of output shaft 108 increases. If thecontinuously variable transmission system 100 and/or continuouslyvariable transmission system 400 is highly loaded due to rapidacceleration, hill-climbing or other high loading (like from deepoff-road mud), continuously variable transmission system 100 and/orcontinuously variable transmission system 400 will remain in anintermediate gear ratio automatically and smoothly by virtue of design,without any special hydraulic or electrical controls as found in typicalcurrent automatic transmission or continuously variable transmissionsystems.

According to other embodiments of the present invention, continuouslyvarying transmission system 700 of FIG. 7 provides a furthersimplification and compactness in design as compared to continuouslyvarying transmission systems 100 and 400 of FIG. 4. Fluid coupling unit702 eliminates use of stator 104 c and as a result continuously varyingtransmission system 700 can spin freely in space. This alternativeconfiguration can provide a continuously variable transmission-likespeed change for planetary gear set 102 itself, where planetary gear set102 starts at a set ratio, e.g., 4:1 at 100% slip of fluid coupling unit702 and moves toward 1:1 as the slip of fluid coupling unit 702approaches zero.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, continuouslyvarying transmission system 700 can be advantageously utilized, forexample, when starting up a large horsepower AC electric motor. In thisscenario, getting the motor up to operating speed, particularly if itstarts up under load, requires an excessive amount of initial currentleading to a huge energy loss and possible motor damage before the motorgets near its efficient operating synchronous speed. One popularsolution is to connect the motor to the load though a fluid coupling.However standard fluid couplings do not usually provide enough startupslip for typical applications, so more complex schemes have beendeveloped where the coupling starts up with little fluid in it (whichcauses it to slip excessively). As the motor and load come up to speed,fluid is pumped into fluid coupling unit 702 at an appropriate rate fromone or more external reservoirs to progressively reduce slippage. Thiskeeps the motor current levels down to an acceptable level. Theresulting effect is the same as that obtained by lowering the angularvelocity of the coupling by a speed factor.

Because fluid coupling unit 702 is initially operating at a lower speedthan the motor and because fluid coupling unit 702 sees a higher torqueload than the actual load on output shaft 108, fluid coupling unit 702will initially slip by considerably more than what it would operating onits own with no planetary gear set 102 installed. Thus by integratingthe simple planetary gear set 102 with fluid coupling unit 702, a softstart for the electric motor is produced without the need of a complexmulti-cavity fluid filling system for fluid coupling unit 702. Similareffects are also produced with compound planetary gear set 402 withfluid coupling unit 702

Furthermore, as is the case for most fluid coupling applications, toavoid energy losses at normal operating conditions, a lock-up device isinstalled that prevents slippage between the coupling impeller 104 a andturbine 104 b components. For fluid coupling unit 702, this can beaccomplished by installing a centrifugal clutch between a housing forcarrier arm 102 d and another housing for ring gear 102 c. The clutchwould be designed to fully engage at a speed just below the lowestnormal operating speed for the electric motor load combination.Centrifugal clutches operate without any external controls. Thus fluidcoupling unit 702, according to an embodiment of the invention, can be aself-contained purely mechanical device with no electronic, pneumatic orhydraulic controls required for its operation.

Further, although exemplary embodiments of gear-based continuouslyvariable transmission systems are illustrated in FIGS. 1-7, the presentinvention can be utilized in a variety of other different embodiments.In these embodiments of the present invention, an output of a slippingpower transmitting device, such as a rotary coupling unit (torqueconverter 104 or fluid coupling unit 702), is advantageously connectedto one of the traditionally fixed gears in a planetary gear train. Thepresent invention can be utilized with any of the twelve fundamentalplanetary gear train configurations, or combinations thereof, well knownto those skilled in the art. Additionally, although torque converter 104and fluid coupling unit 702 are illustrated herein as examples of powertransmitting slipping devices in the embodiments illustrated in FIGS.1-7, other types and numbers of power transmitting devices that exhibitslip could be used, e.g., a viscous coupling that would work similar tofluid coupling unit 702 described herein.

Accordingly, as illustrated by the description herein the presentinvention provides a number of advantages including providing built-invelocity feedback of the output angular velocity of output shaft 108 toan input of planetary gear set 102 (or, to an input of compoundplanetary gear set 402). Thus, planetary gear set 102 (or, compoundplanetary gear set 402)) is put in a mode of being a multi-input systemwhere at least one of the inputs is the fed back output, and at leastanother input being an input from a power source coupled to input shaft106.

Having thus described the basic concept of the invention, it will berather apparent to those skilled in the art that the foregoing detaileddisclosure is intended to be presented by way of example only, and isnot limiting. Various alterations, improvements, and modifications willoccur and are intended to those skilled in the art, though not expresslystated herein. These alterations, improvements, and modifications areintended to be suggested hereby, and are within the spirit and scope ofthe invention. Additionally, the recited order of processing elements orsequences, or the use of numbers, letters, or other designationstherefor, is not intended to limit the claimed processes to any orderexcept as may be specified in the claims. Accordingly, the invention islimited only by the following claims and equivalents thereto.

1. A continuously variable transmission system comprising: a gear setcomprising one or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears, and aplanetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears aremounted for rotational movement, the one or more sun gears and the oneor more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement andmovement with respect to each other, at least one of the one or more sungears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and aportion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback,wherein the gear set further comprises a ring gear, the ring gear andthe one or more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagementand movement with respect to each other, the at least one of the one ormore sun gears couples to the input shaft and the ring gear couples tothe output shaft; a rotary coupling unit having an input rotationallycoupled to the at least one of the one or more sun gears and theplanetary gear carrier arm and an output that rotationally couples tothe output shaft; and a feedback unit having one or more feedback gearsthat rotationally couples the output shaft back to the ring gear.
 2. Acontinuously variable transmission system comprising: a gear setcomprising one or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears, and aplanetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears aremounted for rotational movement, the one or more sun gears and the oneor more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement andmovement with respect to each other, at least one of the one or more sungears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and aportion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback,wherein the one or more planetary gears further comprises a first set ofone or more planetary gears and a second set of one or more planetarygears which are coupled to the first set of planetary gears via a commonshaft that is guided in a circular orbit by the planetary gear carrierarm that couples to the input shaft, while another of the one or moresun gears, which is coupled to the second set of planetary gears, iscoupled to the input of the rotary coupling unit, while the at least oneof the one or more sun gears which is coupled to the first set ofplanetary gears couples to the output shaft; a rotary coupling unithaving an input rotationally coupled to the at least one of the one ormore sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm and an output thatrotationally couples to the output shaft; and a feedback unit having oneor more feedback gears that rotationally couples the output shaft backto the first sun gear.
 3. A method for making a continuously variabletransmission system, the method comprising: providing a gear setcomprising one or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears, and aplanetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears aremounted for rotational movement, the one or more sun gears and the oneor more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement andmovement with respect to each other, at least one of the one or more sungears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and aportion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback,wherein the providing the gear set further comprises providing a ringgear, the ring gear and the one or more planetary gears are mounted forrotational engagement and movement with respect to each other, the atleast one of the one or more sun gears couples to the input shaft andthe ring gear couples to the output shaft; providing a rotary couplingunit having an input rotationally coupled to the at least one of one ormore sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm and an output thatrotationally couples to the output shaft; and providing a feedback unithaving one or more feedback gears that rotationally couples the outputshaft back to the ring gear.
 4. A method for making a continuouslyvariable transmission system, the method comprising: providing a gearset comprising one or more sun gears, one or more planetary gears, and aplanetary gear carrier arm on which the one or more planetary gears aremounted for rotational movement, the one or more sun gears and the oneor more planetary gears are mounted for rotational engagement andmovement with respect to each other, at least one of the one or more sungears and the planetary gear carrier arm couples to an input shaft and aportion of the gear set couples to an output shaft to receive feedback,wherein the one or more planetary gears further comprises a first set ofone or more planetary gears and a second set of one or more planetarygears which are coupled to the first set of planetary gears via a commonshaft that is guided in a circular orbit by the planetary gear carrierarm that couples to the input shaft, while another of the one or moresun gears, which is coupled to the second set of planetary gears, iscoupled to the input of the rotary coupling unit, while the at least oneof the one or more sun gears which is coupled to the first set ofplanetary gears couples to the output shaft; providing a rotary couplingunit having an input rotationally coupled to the at least one of one ormore sun gears and the planetary gear carrier arm and an output thatrotationally couples to the output shaft; and providing a feedback unithaving one or more feedback gears that rotationally couples the outputshaft back to the first sun gear.